ANATOMY, ORGANS, and FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
- Due Apr 15, 2022 at 11:59pm
- Points 33
- Questions 11
- Available after Apr 11, 2022 at 12am
- Time Limit None
- Allowed Attempts Unlimited
Instructions
ANATOMY VOCABULARY, MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS, AND FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
What: Students will understand the basic vocabulary used to discuss the anatomy of the body, the major organ systems, their parts and functions, and the roll of positive and negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis.
Why: So students can understand human anatomy, relate the organ to the organization and function of the organ system, and how it relates to an organisms homeostasis/ survival.
How: students will hear lecture, read the material, and finally answer questions to improve their understanding of the material.
Objective 1: Learn the directional terms that are used to describe anatomy, as well as the Body Cavities where many of the organs are.
Objective 2: Learn 12 Major Organ Systems, the organs in each system, and the function/ purpose of each system
Objective 3: Learn the feedback mechanisms and how they relate to the survival of the human being.
Organ Systems of the Human Body: What makes you tick?
First lets focus on understanding the language of Anatomy.
When Doctors and Scientists discuss the Anatomy, they use vocabulary that tells them directional information. The anatomical position of a human body is defined as a body standing upright with the head facing forward, arms down at the sides with the palms turned forward, and feet parallel facing forward. A human body, Dorsal refers to the back portion of the body, whereas Ventral refers to the front part of the body. Lateral means to the side or away from the midline. Medial means toward the midline. Superior means above another portion of the body, and Inferior means below another portion of the body. Distal means toward the back or behind, or further from, and Mesial or Proximal means toward the front, closer to.
The terms dorsal and ventral are also often used to describe the relative location of a body part. For example, the stomach is ventral to the spinal cord, which means that the stomach is located in front of the spinal cord.
We can also describe where an organ is, by describing which body cavity it is in.
Below are the major Body Cavities:
Each person has 11 major organ systems. There is a 12th organ system that belongs to the opposite sex, bringing our total major organ systems to 12. Some organs are used in more than one organ system.
The Twelve Major Organ Systems of Humans:
|
ORGAN SYSTEM
|
ORGANS IN THE ORGAN SYSTEM | FUNCTION OF THE ORGAN SYSTEM |
| INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM | Largest Organ- Skin, Hair Nails, exocrine glands | Protection from injury, prevent dehydration, body temperature control, excretion of some wastes, reception of external stimuli, defense against microbes. |
| MUSCULAR SYSTEM | Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle | Movement of internal body parts, movement of the whole body, maintenance of posture, heat production |
| SKELETAL SYSTEM | Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons | Support, protection of the organs, sites for muscle attachment, blood cell production, calcium and phosphate storage |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM | Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Sensory Organs (eyes, ears, taste buds, olfactory nerve) | Detection of internal and external stimuli, control and coordination of responses to stimuli, coordinating activity of the organs |
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid/ Parathyroid, Thymus adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testis | Hormonal control of body functions, coordinates with nervous system to control organ activity |
| CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | Heart and Blood Vessels | Fast internal transport of nutrition and substances to cells, helps stabilize internal temperature and pH |
| LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | Lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels, spleen, bone marrow | Filtering and return of tissue fluid to the blood, also plays a roll in the immune system for specific intruders |
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | Nose, Mouth, lungs, pharynx, Windpipe, larynx, bronchi | Delivery of Oxygen, removal of carbon dioxide, and pH regulation |
| DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | Mouth, Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, Pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine rectum, anus | Ingestion of food and water, breaking down food molecules for absorption, elimination of food waste |
| URINARY SYSTEM | Kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra | Maintaining the volume and composition of extracellular fluid, excretion of blood borne waste |
| FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina | Production of eggs, provision of a protective environment for a baby. Also part of the endocrine system. |
| MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | Penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles | Production and transfer of sperm to the female |
Below are representations of each system:
1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
2. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
3. SKELETAL SYSTEM
4. NERVOUS SYSTEM
5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
6. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
10. URINARY SYSTEM
11. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
12. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Homeostasis and Systems Control
There is fluid between all the cells, called EXTACELLULAR FLUID. There is fluid in the blood called PLASMA. This fluid must be maintained at levels that are compatible with cell survival. A fluid can not become too acidic, or basic, it must be full of the right minerals and nutrients, it can't be too dehydrated, and their cant be too much of it either. For the cells to live the body and its organs must respond to the changing conditions within the body and in the outside environment.
Homeostasis is the stable operating conditions in the internal environment. Three components interact to maintain that state.
1. Receptor-cells or cell parts that detect stimulus. Stimulus- a specific change in the environment
2. Integrator- a control point where different pieces of info are pulled together to select a response- your brain
3. Effectors- Carry out the response- muscles and organs
The sensory receptors tell the brain "HOW THINGS ARE" . The brain compares that information to "SET POINTS". When how things are deviates too far from the set points, the brain responds by reversing the condition. For instance, human beings have a typical temperature set point from about 97.5 to 98.6 F. If you begin too get cold (somewhere around 96 degrees), your brain tells your muscles to contract "shiver" in order to create heat. This reverses the trend toward the body cooling.
A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM- is a response triggered by alteration of the internal environment, that reverses the altered condition.
A POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM- is a less common response by the body, that intensifies a changed condition. The body intensifies its reaction to the stimulus, until an acceptable conclusion happens. Examples of this are Childbirth, Blood Clotting, Lactation, Ovulation.